Derivative prepositions: during, in continuation of, in contrast to, as a result of, like, in the direction of, in relation to, accompanied by, on the basis of, throughout, provided for, in the direction of, in agreement with, in accordance with, in comparison with. The condition for the absence of a space in derived prepositions is their origin directly from adverbs (around, ahead, towards, etc.), the condition for the presence of a space is their origin from a noun with a preposition (by virtue of, due to, during, in the case of, etc.). The exception to this rule is only a few prepositions (nominal): in view of, as a result of, like, like, about, instead of, over.

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Books

• Russian derivative prepositions. Problems of semantics. Dictionary materials, M. G. Lepnev, The monograph describes the main semantic groups of derived prepositions and their analogues (equivalents). The controversial issues of semantic and syntactic features are covered... Category: Learning foreign languages Publisher: Efimenko D.L.,
• Courses “Preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian Language”, Team of authors, Oksana Borisenko, This course is devoted to preparation for the final certification of a school course in the Russian language, preparation for passing the unified state exam and the student’s further admission to a university.… Category: Educational literature Series: Audio courses Publisher: IDDK, audiobook

Prepositions and conjunctions are functional parts of speech, which many people have difficulty writing. They are used to establish connections between words in a sentence and to construct certain grammatical structures: near the fence, past the bus stop, opposite the building. And if the spelling of non-derivative auxiliary parts of speech ( at a neighbor's, on the table, in the refrigerator) most often do not cause difficulties, then when writing derivatives you have to remember various rules.

In addition, it can be difficult to immediately determine whether the selected part of speech is a noun or a preposition. Examples of such structures are the following: during years, meet each other halfway yes(where the highlighted words are derived prepositions), in the river flow, be late for a meeting with a friend(here the highlighted words are nouns with non-derivative parts of speech).

Classification by origin and structure

As mentioned earlier, prepositions are usually divided into derivatives and non-derivatives. Non-derivatives include simple prepositions that have long existed in the Russian language: under the ceiling, above the water, to the ingredients.

What prepositions are called derivatives? These include those that were originally other parts of speech. There are 3 types:

In Russian language exercises for grade 7, you often come across tasks in which you need to distinguish the auxiliary part of speech from independent. It should be remembered that a derived preposition can often be replaced with a non-derivative one:

• due to strong wind - due to strong wind;
• inquire about the application - inquire about the application;
• after five minutes - after five minutes.

In addition, you can ask a question about independent parts of speech, as opposed to auxiliary ones. In the case of auxiliary parts of speech, the question is asked about nouns or pronouns related to them:

• looked around (Where?) around - walked around (Where?) around the house;
• costs (Where?) ahead - ran (Where?) ahead of me.

Many derived prepositions lose their former lexical meaning:

• within five minutes (time value);
• due to illness and adversity (meaning because of);
• came up with a congratulation like last year (meaning like).

Constructions derived from gerunds can be distinguished as follows: to do this, you need to remember that the verb form can be replaced with a verb by slightly rearranging the sentence. In the case of a pretext, this is impossible to do. For example:

• We left the room, thanking the hosts for their hospitality. You can replace the gerund with a verb: We left the room and thanked the hosts for their hospitality. Here thanks to is a participle.
• Thanks to the teachers, we were able to go to college. In this case, replacing the highlighted word with a verb will change the meaning of the phrase and will be incorrect. Therefore, here thanks to- pretext.

In addition, it is customary to divide prepositions and conjunctions into simple (consisting of one word: inside, about, before), complex (includes 2 simple ones: due, from under) and compound (consisting of 2 or more words: despite on, to the extent, for purposes).

Rules for writing compound prepositions

All prepositions and conjunctions, regardless of their origin and structure, are written separately from the independent parts of speech. However, the spelling of such constructions as despite difficult circumstances - played despite the strings, most often causes difficulties.

So, compound derivatives of auxiliary parts of speech are most often written together, especially when it comes to adverbial or verbal. Here are examples of phrases with them: sit opposite the boss, walk around the site, walk with friends. However, among the denominates, a number of derived prepositions should be highlighted (the list of which is given below), always having a separate spelling:

Other designs can also be added to this list: in the form of, in fulfillment, in measure, in continuation and similar ones.

Continuous writing observed in combinations:

• took a loaf instead of bread;
• inquired about the new position;
• the event was canceled due to bad weather conditions;
• continued to work beyond the fulfilled plan;
• I bought a car similar to the previous one.

Complex prepositions from under, due to and others are always written with a hyphen.

Denominate prepositions: E or I at the end

Often doubts arise when writing combinations during, in conclusion, in accordance. You should remember special cases of spelling derivative prepositions. The table shows the most frequently used combinations.

Special cases of use

Prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech that are not used separately, but only with nouns or pronouns replacing them that are in a certain indirect position. (any except nominative) case. In most cases, it is not difficult to determine the case required for agreement:

• on (on what? on whom?) outskirts - prepositional case;
• For (who? what?) friends - genitive case;
• despite (who? what?) strange circumstances - accusative case.

However, you should remember the exceptions when the noun should not be in the genitive, but in the dative case:

• thanks to (to whom; to what?) unexpected return;
• according to (to whom; to what?) prepared schedule.

Another common mistake is the presence or absence of a soft sign at the end of the words near and through. Their correct spelling should also be remembered.

Examples of usage in Russian

To begin with, let us give examples of texts from fiction:

I took her with me on a trip, despite the fragile age of my child, I took her to my friend who lived in Siberia. (L. Charskaya, “Sibirochka”)

...Open your closed eyes to bliss

Towards northern Aurora,

Be the star of the north! (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)

...The moon is like a pale spot,

Through the gloomy clouds it turned yellow... (A. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”)

Now let's look at several sentences that use prepositions, and some of them use nouns, adverbs or gerunds that are homonymous with them.

He went to (...)to meet the new day, not at all (...) looking at those around him .

It is necessary to determine whether words or phrases will be written together or separately from each other. Let's try to figure it out, for this we will define, with what part of speech we are dealing. It should be remembered that another word can always be inserted before a noun, and a derived preposition can be replaced with another, similar in meaning. In the case of (...)meeting, you can make a replacement: he was walking towards a new day . Therefore, this word is a preposition. Since it was not on the list of exceptions that are written separately, the correct spelling is combined.

Let's deal with the second spelling. Let's try to replace not (...)despite a preposition with a similar meaning contrary to: completely contrary to others . The result was a phrase with a completely different meaning. We conclude that we have a gerund with the particle NOT, which, of course, is written separately from the word.

The man quickly walked down (...)along the long alley, not (...)despite the fact that a piercing wind was blowing .

Let's look at the first word. If this is an adverb, then the question can be asked to it from the verb; but when along is a derivative or non-derivative preposition, it will refer to a noun, and the question will not be asked about it. In our case, along refers to a noun alleys, therefore, it is a preposition (derived from the adverb along). The writing of adverbial and verbal prepositions is always continuous.

We do the same with the second word as in the first sentence: let's try to replace it with another word. In this example, we get a completely similar meaning, although a piercing wind was blowing, from which we conclude that we are dealing with a verbal preposition, which was formed from a gerund and is written together.

During (…) the next day the store was closed.

To determine which letter should be written at the end of a word, it is necessary to determine what the combination is for (...). If it is a noun (you can insert an adjective related to the word current: in strong current), then its ending is determined in accordance with the rules of its declension. If we are talking about a preposition (having a temporary meaning), you need to write the letter E at the end.

In the selected sentence, the combination is used to mean time: the store was not open (When?) during the next day, therefore, the letter E was missed.

Prepositions can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary ones, which thereby lose their lexical meaning and morphological characteristics. For example, the preposition around (walks around the house) comes from the adverb around (it is clearly visible around), the preposition by (to convince through strong evidence) - from the noun path in the instrumental case (serves as a convenient way), the preposition in continuation (to wait for an hour) - from the combination of the noun continuation with the preposition e (to believe in the continuation of the acquaintance), the preposition thanks (we managed thanks to the help of a friend) - from the gerund (left, thanking for the help provided).

TO non-derivative These include prepositions that are not formed from independent parts of speech, for example: without, in, to, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.

Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases; derivatives are usually used with any one case. For example, the preposition thanks is used only with the dative case: thanks to courage (D. p.).

337. Prepositions are highlighted in these phrases. First write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions, and then with derivatives. Use verbs in the 3rd person plural.

Crossing the street, building behind the house, writing on an envelope, throwing it over a coat, deviating from the topic, dividing it into five, finding it thanks to resourcefulness, thinking about it... meaning, add to two, replace..t due to dilapidation.., run..t near the house, write..t from a book, moves along the road, walk..t in a column, act contrary to custom, run..t from the mountain , ready..t within a month, tired..t out of habit.., sharing..with friends, waiting for an hour, located..t in front of the house, laid..t across the road, built near the stadium, elevated.. located in the middle of the square... in order to combat the elements.

338. Write it off. Underline the highlighted adverbs and nouns together with the highlighted prepositions as parts of the sentence. From what part of speech are derived prepositions formed?

• Around You wrapped your braid twice around the lily brow. (A. Pushkin)
• The coffin was broken. The maiden suddenly came to life. looks around with amazed (n, nn) ​​eyes. (A. Pushkin)
• The horn began to play, and the village herd began to sweat by Houses. (A. Pushkin)
• Near forests, like in a soft bed... you can get some sleep(?) (N. Nekrasov)
• The gray hairs of a cloudy day float, disheveled, by. (S. Yesenin)
• Gregory led his horse to a bush and lay down near, shielding his face from the wind with a hollow shawl.4 (M. Sholokhov)

339. In what style of speech are the prepositions given in the box most often used? Select prepositions that suit their meaning (see box) and insert them into sentences when copying. Write down words with the same root for the highlighted word.

1. The ground (abundance of snow) is deeply saturated with moisture. 2. The weather (prediction of the forecast bureau) was rainy. 3. Work on the farm is carried out (schedule). 4. The smiling agronomist walked quickly (tractor drivers). 5. Planting began at an earlier date (custom).

340. Analyze the proposals. Find the mistake you made. Correct it by using another preposition with a causal meaning.

1. Thanks to the rain, the interesting excursion did not take place. 2. The hike to the mountains was postponed due to heavy fog. 3. Thanks to the varied program, the ensemble's tour was successful. 4. Thanks to the skill and perseverance of the hockey players, the team entered the major league.

341. Read an excerpt from a comic story by F. Krivin. Determine whether the choice of not only a derivative, but also a non-derivative preposition can affect the meaning of the statement. Copy the passage, filling in the missing punctuation marks. Insert instead of blanks on us or behind us. How many lines are there in the dialogue? Read the text aloud by role: author, little hare, old hare.

HUNTING RULES

The frightened bunny ran home:
Dad, they're hunting us(?)!
Are we being hunted(?) or are we being hunted(?)? - said the old hare.
I don't know. I just know that they are hunting(?)
How many times have I taught you to correctly express your thoughts. A lot depends on how accurately we express a thought.
But they are hunting (?) Dad!
Behind us or at us?
I don't know how to say dad...
Let me explain for the last time: if they are hunting _ _ _, it means that they only want to catch us. And if _ _ _ are hunting (?) it means they want to kill us. Can you tell the difference?
The hare began to tremble with his whole being, feeling (?) this difference.
And they ran.

342. Insert preposition from or For.

Lotion _ _ _ protection against mosquito bites.
Composition _ _ _ stain removal.
Liquid _ _ _ shoe stretches.
Tablets _ _ _ cough.
Cream _ _ _ shoe cleaning.

343. Correct errors that are often heard on modern radio and television broadcasts. Indicate the type of error: extra preposition, wrong preposition, wrong case of the dependent word, wrong preposition and case of the dependent word.

Sample. Concerned about how to resolve this issue. (An extra preposition.)

Necessary: Concerned about how to resolve this issue.

1. Interesting proposals have been received from our regions. 2. Now we will find out where school graduates will go. 3. Today we are concerned about what today's schoolchildren will become. 4. They say that you found a common language in the miner's family. 5. About four hundred movie cameras were still here yesterday. 6. We need to pay attention to this problem.

>>Russian language grade 7 >>Russian language: Derivative and non-derivative prepositions

Derivative prepositions

In the Russian language there are prepositions derived and non-derivative. But now we will get acquainted with derivative prepositions. We will get acquainted with the definition of derived prepositions and find out what prepositions they are.

What prepositions are called derivatives

Derived prepositions are prepositions formed from independent parts of speech when they lose their meaning and morphological characteristics.

Or we can also say about derivative prepositions that such prepositions were formed by the method of transition from independent parts of speech to auxiliary ones. With this transition of independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts, the former lose their lexical meaning and morphological features.

Also, it is very important to be able to distinguish between a derived preposition and the independent parts of speech homonymous to it.

Eg: In the first sentence, the word “thanks to” will be a gerund, but in the second it will act as a derivative preposition.

Misha, leaving home, thanked his grandmother for the delicious breakfast. Thanks to her good knowledge of the subject, Olya received a good grade in the exams.

Or take, for example, these sentences:

Due to snow drifts it was impossible to travel. During the investigation into the theft case, new evidence was discovered.

If we consider these sentences, then the first sentence contains an arbitrary preposition, and the second contains a noun.

Let's take a closer look at the question of how to distinguish a derivative preposition from another part of speech?

Firstly, it is impossible to pose a question to a preposition;
Secondly, the preposition does not have a role that it could fulfill on its own;
Thirdly, a distinctive feature of prepositions may be that a synonym can be chosen for it.

Derivative prepositions can be divided into the following three groups:

1. These are prepositions formed from nouns. They can be called denominative prepositions;

For example: Due to lack of time, I had to give up classes in the section. Mom wanted to talk about her son's progress.

2. Prepositions that are formed from adverbs. They are also called adverbial prepositions;

For example: A birch tree grew opposite the window. There was a fence around the house.

3. And prepositions formed from gerunds. They are also called verbal prepositions.

For example: Thanks to Taras, I now have an interesting book.

And although a derivative preposition tends to consist of several parts, in the end it always consists of one word.

Spelling of derived prepositions

Exercise 1.

Read the sentences carefully and determine where in these sentences the derived prepositions are and which are the other parts of speech:

Due to the upcoming departure, the meeting had to be postponed. Due to heavy rain, all paths were washed away. Due to illness, Vanya missed many lessons. The money was not transferred to the account. I came to talk about extra lessons. Instead of lessons, Denis went for a walk with friends. I will certainly do everything that is asked of me. The request should arrive within a week.

Exercise 2.

Look carefully at the offers. Instead of periods, what prepositions would you insert?

... I managed to learn a poem when I was in a bad mood.
... for forty-five minutes the teacher explained a new topic.
The asthma attack was relieved...with the help of doctors.
Finally I was able to talk...work.

Repetition of covered material

4. Remember the definition of which part of speech is called a preposition?
5. What types of prepositions have you already studied?
6. What prepositions are called non-derivative?
7. How are they different from derivatives?
8. Give examples of non-derivative prepositions?
9. Is a preposition a part of a sentence?
10. Is it possible to replace a preposition with a synonym?

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to derived and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, and use them correctly in oral and written speech.
• Developmental: development of memory, positive emotions, logical thinking, the ability to compare and choose the right one, evaluate the results achieved.
• Educational: to cultivate interest in the Russian language.

Lesson equipment: cards with tasks for students, presentation

During the classes

1. Mobilizing stage. Greeting, writing the number in a notebook

2. Repetition

Teacher. We begin our lesson by reviewing what we have learned about prepositions. Annex 1

Read the groups of phrases and determine the relationships expressed by prepositions.

Drive past the house, run along the river (spatial, place); miss your mother, think about a friend (objective); return in the evening, meet after school (temporary); due to bad weather, did not come due to illness (causal); bought for treatment, come with a check (target).

Teacher: Now let’s remember the correct use of prepositional and non-prepositional combinations.

How to say correctly: Comrades! Pay your fare. or Pay the fare. (pay (what?) for travel; pay (for what?) for travel)

What prepositions B or NA can these words be combined with:

• BE PARTICIPATING START (participate in the start, be at the start);
• PRESENT, PARTICIPATE IN A RALLY (participate in a rally, attend a rally);
• DISCUSS, PARTICIPATE IN THE MEETING (participate in the meeting, discuss at the meeting);
• BE INTERESTED, SHOW INTEREST MATHEMATICS (be interested in mathematics, show interest in mathematics);
• TELL, TOUCH THE PROJECT (tell about the project, touch on the project);
• LOVE DEVOTION TO THE MOTHERLAND (love for the Motherland, devotion to the Motherland);
• REVIEW REVIEW BOOK (review of a book, review of a book).

Teacher: answer the questions:

1. What is a preposition?
2. How are prepositions written with other words?
3. What are the meanings of prepositions? What does this depend on?
4. With what case are the prepositions used: AT END, UPON ARRIVAL?
5. With what case are the prepositions used: THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, etc.?

3. The teacher writes the topic of the lesson on the board. (slide) Students formulate the purpose of the lesson

Teacher. Considering the topic of the lesson, set a goal for the lesson.

Target:

• get acquainted with...
• learn to distinguish...,
• use correctly...

The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with derivative and non-derivative prepositions; learn to distinguish between derivative and non-derivative prepositions, use them correctly in oral and written speech

4. Studying new material. Practical work on the text. Appendix 2

What are the origins of prepositions?

Make a reference diagram (table) for the material.

Tell us about the features of derived prepositions.

Practical work with the text: read the text, talk about the features of non-derivative and derived prepositions.

By origin, prepositions are non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivatives prepositions were not formed from any other words(parts) of speech and since ancient times used only as prepositions. Most non-derivative prepositions are homonyms with respect to prefixes. For example: at the house - to come.

Derivative prepositions are formed from different significant parts of speech. On this basis, adverbial, denominal and verbal prepositions are distinguished among them.

Adverbial prepositions are formed from adverbs, are most widespread and form word combinations with adverbial and object relations. For example: stopped near the house (place), rested after work (time).

Denominate prepositions are formed from nouns. With their help, word combinations are formed that express various adverbial and objective relationships. For example: did not come due to collapse (reason), was formed through decay (mode of action), worked throughout life (time), responded to the statement (object).

Verbal prepositions are derived from gerunds and are used in phrases expressing causal, concessional and temporary relationships. For example: achieved, despite difficulties (concession), thanks to worries (reason), remembered a week later (time). ( From the book “Russian Language” by A.V. Dudnikov, A.I. Arbuzov)

4. Consolidation of the lesson learned on the topic

1) Selective dictation: Write down phrases with non-derivative prepositions (1 var) and derived prepositions (2 vars).

Crosses the street, delayed due to repairs, signs on an envelope, deviates from the topic, divide by five, house near the river, run ahead of everyone, arrive a week later, talk about vacation, think about the meaning, add to two, walks in a column, read in during the day, runs away from the mountain, pays according to the agreement, gets tired from unaccustomment, weakness due to illness.

Examination:

2) Creative task: Match these non-derivative prepositions with synonymous derivatives.

Because of bad weather (as a result), after graduation (at graduation), about the timing (about), for self-defense (for purposes), for an absent person (instead), through negotiations (by), across (across) the road, at (near ) fire.

5. Problematic question: How to distinguish derived prepositions from homonymous parts of speech?

The guys walked (where?) ahead The guys walked ahead (ahead of what?) of the squad. (in front of the squad)

The rule is a helper!

The preposition will be included in the case question. A derived preposition can be replaced by a non-derivative or another derived preposition.

3) Explanatory dictation: indicate derived prepositions and parts of speech homonymous to them.

I know this forest inside and out. “The path ran along the cliff, meandering in the shade of the trees.

A small log lay across the river.

A forest was visible nearby. “There was a river flowing near the village.

Go ahead. - The ship runs merrily past Buyan Island.

Petya hoped to meet with his comrades. - The comrades walked towards each other.

4) Run the test

1. The word OVER is:

A) pretext;

B) prefix;

C) can be a preposition and a prefix.

2. Find a phrase with a preposition that has a causal meaning:

A) visible from behind the mountain;

B) be late due to rain;

C) is clear from the story;

D) about his actions.

3. Find a preposition formed from a gerund:

A) thanks;

B) according to;

B) contrary to;

D) like.

4. Find phrases with derived prepositions:

A) live at the station;

B) thanks to heavy rains;

B) grows along the fence;

D) go ahead of the squad.

5. Indicate sentences in which the highlighted words are prepositions:

A) The herd reached out by Houses.

B) Don't pass by .

IN) Across the roads were laid with logs.

G) Ahead the most persistent ones went.

6. Indicate the group of non-derivative prepositions:

A) thanks, before, for, before, around;

B) according to, through, towards, to, at, by;

B) through, with, without, for, over;

D) s, y, about, along, at.

5) Design workshop: Insert prepositions that make sense.

1. The older sister studies at the university at the Faculty of Economics.

2. I miss my father, mother, sister.

3. Everything must be done ACCORDING to the instructions.

4. The hike took place THANKS to good weather.

5. The boy stayed in class DESPITE his friend’s request.

6. The shoots were friendly, DESPITE the drought.

For strong students, editorial correction for exercise 343 page 141 of the textbook.

11. Lesson summary, reflection

12. Homework: Paragraph 54, page 139. (entries in the directory) Ex. No. 337.